Factors Affecting the School Readiness of Public...

Chapter I The Problem and Its Setting Rationale Kindergarten marks the beginning of formal education. The child’s initial school experience can influence the way he feels and acts to future school activities. I will also affect the way he relates to other people and his environment for the rest of his life. Success or failure at this stage can affect his well-being, self-esteem, motivation and perspectives. Lack of kindergarten readiness may also lead to his being held back in the next grade level. School readiness is defined as the â€Å"ability to cope, learn, and achieve without undue stress†. In the Philippines public and private schooling begins with kindergarten, when a child is about 5 years old. Kindergarten is 3 to 4 hours a day or†¦show more content†¦Children need many types of language experiences which include being read with and also participation in family conversation. Storytelling, nursery rhyme and reading enrich the language experience. Parents must spend time with oral language activitie s for a strong foundation in reading and spelling (Graue.1992). There are several factors affecting the school readiness of public kindergarten pupils namely: maturation, relevance of materials and methods of instruction, emotional attitude, personal adjustment, social status and tribe. Other contributors to the readiness gap are environmental stress, family income, parents’ literacy, nutrition premature birth, health, early childcare, experiences, low birth weight and genetic endowment. Maturation affects the readiness of the kindergarteners because the child has not reach yet a sufficient stage of mental and physical development needed to perform school tasks characteristics of that particular grade level which entails a higher level of performance than that of which he has at the moment. Experiences determine the kindergarten readiness for learning. Exposure to environment and varied activities will help the child learn. Children learn from seeing, hearing, touching and th ese experiences will help the child get to know his environment better. To interpret reality, children must experience their surroundings through imagination and discovery. Rooted in the experience

Nvq 3 Health and Social Care Unit 2 Essay - 906 Words

Pia George NVQ Health and Social Care Unit 2: Engage in Personal Development in Health and Social Care Settings 1.1 1.2 My job requires that I am personally responsible to uphold the statement of values in all areas of my work. I have to provide emotional and educational support and demonstrate a caring attitude towards others which is based on respect dignity and equality. I plan organise and implement activities within my service, following risk assessments. I, as with any member of staff am involved in the planning and delivering of learning programmes which support personal and behavioural change, with direction and support from my senior. I maintain communication with other members of staff regarding individuals, sharing†¦show more content†¦2.3 We all have our own values, how important we think something is. E.g. honesty, and how important people think it is - very important, quite important, not important. Belief systems, religious beliefs, cultural norms etc, and experiences, our background and upbringing, events that affect the way we think. Not everyone sees things as we do and we might not agree with others. However, when working with people whose beliefs differ from our own, we must feel that our beliefs and values are being respected in order to reciprocate. Honesty is something I value in another person, and I have struggled with service users who haven’t been honest about something. I have tried hard to understand the reasons why someone would not be honest with me. Usually after I have spoken to another member of staff, and heard their input and theories I can begin to see why and move on from the incident. 3.1 4.1 My Senior - She helps me by answering any concerns I have about work. We have regular supervisions, where we set targets and goals for the coming month and sometimes beyond, these are reviewed at the following supervision. Our Head of Service comes in to speak to me about my role. She will advise and support me with my performance andShow MoreRelatedUnit 2 Assignment P2 P3 M11036 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿BTEC Level 3 90 Credit Diploma in Health Social Care Student Name: Date Submitted: Unit: 2.2 Equality, diversity and rights in health and social care I certify that the attached work is original and my own: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Student Signature Assessment Title: Concepts and discriminatory and discriminatory practices Lecturer: Nicky Edwards, Patricia Britto Issue Date: w/c 6th October 2014 Hand in date: 24th October 2014 Criteria 1st Referral Hand in DateRead MoreUnit 1 Err 2011683 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿Unit 201- Outcome 1 Aspects of Employment - Dismissal, redundancy, retirement and TUPE - Breaches of contract - Health and Safety - Maternity / Paternity leave - Holidays, sickness and compassionate leave - Discrimination and bullying in work place - Removal of barriers for disabled people - Data Protection - Discrimination during recruitment process - Equality within the workplace, for example, working hours, pay, benefits - How you are managed in the work place - Entitlement to career developmentRead MorePersonal Statement for Senior Supprt Worker Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesvarious social care settings for over 5 years from which I gained a broad knowledge in providing professional support to service users to enable and promote independent living and fulfilment. 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Cognitive Process of Analysis in Qualitative MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cognitive Process of Analysis in Qualitative Enquiry. Answer: Introduction Pregnancy, child bearing and childbirth are important stages and events in the lives of human beings, especially women. Nevertheless, women are exposed to significant psychological and body changes before, during and after the pregnancy (Sangsawang and Sangsawang, 2013). A normal pregnancy, lactation and recovery from the childbirth process may take up to 12 months, and during this period, a mother may wish to participate in any form of sport, recreation, fitness or health exercises (Ricci and Kyle, 2009; Littleton-Gibbs and Engebretson, 2012). Prenatal awareness and education classes emphasizes on the importance of mothers to engage in mild exercises to strengthen muscles following pregnancy or the process of giving birth (Hammer, Perkins and Parr, 2000). Over a long period, nurses and caregivers encourage pregnant women to engage in walking and less intense activities to engage the muscles and remain healthy (Lauwers and Swisher, 2015). Traditionally, midwifes play a pivotal role in educating mothers on how to address postnatal problems early and manage any arising clinical or physical challenges effectively (Ricci and Kyle, 2009). One of the emerging early problems in postnatal mothers is stress urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003; Dnmez and Kavlak, 2015). Postpartum urinary incontinence is induced by vaginal deliveries, especially for mothers who are having the first birth (Farrell, Allen and Baskett, 2011; Wagg, 2010). The causes of the problem include large babies, difficulties during deliveries due to lengthy pushing or inadequate instrumentation (Farrell, Allen and Baskett, 2011). Research indicates that postnatal incontinence is a commonly overlooked, yet important aspect of maternal morbidity (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Postnatal incontinence is a very serious and embarrassing Management problem among women (Macdonald, 2011). Childbirth constitutes a major risk factor for many mothers and increases the chances of developing postnatal urinary incontinence due to the trauma, stretching and widening of the pelvic floor muscles. Distention and weakness in the pelvic floor muscles and the surrounding connective tissues are the most common causes of postpartum urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Moreover, vaginal deliveries often result in the damage of innervations, thus contributing to the development of the problem. Vaginal deliveries often tend to limit and restrict the ability of the pelvic floor muscles to contribute to the control of bladders resulting into urinary continence. In addition, the emergency of the baby during the normal vaginal delivery stretches the muscles, nerves and fascia around the pelvic floor leading to tearing of the endopelvic fascia. The resulting pudental nerves trauma leads to the dysfunction of the pelvic floor muscles and weakening of the connective tissue. This causes women to experience symptoms of dysfunctional pelvic floor, including organ prolepses and urinary incontinent (Barlow, 1978). There is a high prevalence of urinary incontinence during the postpartum period ranging from 3-40 % of mothers (Thom and Rortveit, 2010). It is important to engage in an accurate assessment and evaluation of the incidence and prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence in order to estimate its public health burden and determine the appropriate sample sizes required while designing and conducting clinical studies and investigations (Ege, Ak?n, Altuntu?, Benli and Arioez, 2008). The differences in estimates and prevalence of the condition may also aid nurses and medical practitioners to identify the women at significant risk of postpartum urinary incontinence (Mrkved and B, 1999). Although the clinical problem is clear, the challenge lies in designing the appropriate treatment intervention. Caregivers rarely engage in discussion on the prevention of urinary incontinence because at this stage, the only intervention is surgical procedures (Hvidman et al. 2003). There are several studies suggesting that exercises designed to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles are very important for treating stress urinary incontinence (B, Hagen, Kvarstein, Jrgensen, Larsen and Burgio, 1990; Park and Kang, 2014). The understanding of pelvic floor anatomy is critical in aiding mothers in pelvic floor exercises. Researchers recommend that mothers should be able to engage in at least 20 pelvic floor exercises (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Majority of women suffering from stress urinary incontinence dont seek medical assistance. The women tend to experience and suffer from the indignity of urinary incontinence for many years, often accepting the condition as a normal part of life (Viktrup, 2002). According to Wilson, Herbison and Herbison (1996) pelvic floor exercises offers cost-effective, simple and easy to apply processes and approaches that midwives may use to address the problem. Kegel exercises are critical to addressing the challenge of stress urinary incontinence among postpartum mothers (Hay-Smith, Mrkved, Fairbrother and Herbison, 2008; Boyle, Hay-Smith, Cody and Mrkved, 2012). Unfortunately, most mothers lack the knowledge, understanding and application of Kegel exercises, the low uptake and utilization of the method in addressing stress urinary incontinence (Hvidman, Foldspang, Mommsen and Nielsen, 2003). Kegel exercises are effective in reducing urinary incontinence among mothers following childbirth (Burgio, Robinson and Engel, 1986). In a prospective randomized controlled trial involving 676 women (Control, n=328; intervention, n=348), Chiarelli and Cockburn (2002) investigated interventions for promoting urinary continence in New South Wales for women to prevent urinary incontinence after giving birth to their children. The findings from the study indicated that the intervention group had an incontinence prevalence rate of 31% while the control group had 38.4%. During follow-up, the intervention group only had 10.1 % prevalence rate while the control group had 17%. The findings from this study suggests the use of interventions that promote urinary continence can significantly reduce the problem and prevalence of incontinence in women following birth, especially regarding its severity and particularly promoting the performance of pelvic floor exercises. In another retrospective matched control trial, Mrkved and B (2000) Management investigated the effects of a postpartum pelvic floor muscle training on the treatment and prevention of urinary incontinence among 81 matched pairs of mothers (n=162). 76 pairs had virginal deliveries while 5 had elective caesarian section. The measurement of the strength of pelvic floor muscle before intervention was conducted at one year after delivery and post interventions measurement undertaken on the 8 week following training intervention. Structured interviews and standardized pad tests were used to register the continence status of the participants. The results indicated that at the one year follow up, there were a significantly large number of women in the control group than intervention group that reported stress urinary incontinence or urinary leakage during pad tests (P0.01). During the period between 16th week and 1 year postpartum, there was a significant increase in muscle strength in the i ntervention group compared to the control group. The findings from this study suggest that pelvic floor muscle training during the postpartum period is an effective intervention for treating and preventing stress urinary incontinence. Similarly, Gorbea, Velzquez and Kunhardt (2004) conducted a randomized control trial to determine contribution of pelvic floor exercises during pregnancy and puerperium on the prevalence of urinary incontinence. Measures were undertaken at 28 and 35 week of gestation and at 6 weeks following childbirth. A sample size of 72 mothers participated in the study (intervention, n=52.7% and control, n=47.2%). The study found that in the control group urinary stress incontinence was at 17.2%, 47% and 47%, respectively for the three periods, while in the intervention group, it was 0%, 0% and 15%, respectively. In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in the presence of urinary stress incontinence between the two groups across the three stages of measurement. The findings from this study led to the conclusion that pelvic floor exercises during and after pregnancy were effective in preventing urinary stress incontinence. Problem Statement Despite the existence of substantial evidence supporting the effectiveness of pelvic floor exercises in preventing and treating urinary stress incontinence, there is a general lack of knowledge on the experiences and perceptions of mothers on the effectiveness Kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the early postnatal period. From the literature review, no previous study has explored the experiences, feelings and perceptions of the mothers concerning the use and effectiveness of pelvic floor (Kegel) exercises in improving bladder control and reducing postnatal urinary stress incontinence. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the mothers perceptions and experience of kegel exercises and its effectiveness in improving bladder control and reducing urinary stress incontinence during the postnatal period. The main research question is: Does Kegel exercises improve bladder control in the early postnatal mothers? The proposed study will address the following research objectives: To determine the perceptions of mothers concerning the kegel exercises during postnatal period To evaluate the self reported effectiveness of kegel exercises on improving bladder control and reducing stress urinary incontinence among postnatal mothers This being a qualitative study, there will be no formulation and testing of a research hypothesis (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). Since the study seeks to examine the perceptions and experience of the mothers concerning the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period, it is very difficult to formulate a research hypothesis due to lack of prior knowledge. Therefore, this study will depend heavily on grounded theory in generating the hypothesis based on the trends gleaned from data collection, findings and responses gathered throughout the entire qualitative research process (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). The grounded theory approach enables the researcher to engage in a qualitative investigation without feeling the pressure to develop hypothesis and only establish the trends, hypothesis nor themes emerging from the data collected. Instead of measuring, the researcher will use questioning approach, and rely on theoretical coding to develop themes and categories that will inform the hypothesis or conclusions drawn from the study (Corbin and Strauss, 1990). Research Methodology A research methodology is the framework that governs the entire approach to an investigation. A research methodology guides the researcher in determining the sample size, the target population, the methods of collecting, documenting, preparing, analyzing and presenting the research findings. A good research methodology is that which allows the researcher flexibility, is cost effective, relevant and appropriate for attaining the intended purpose of the investigation. The researcher will employ a qualitative research design to attain the purpose of the investigation. A qualitative design allows the research to explore flexibility and use the questioning approach to gather subjective information, feelings and experiences of participants concerning the defined research problem or phenomenon under investigation (Marshall and Rossman, 2011). A qualitative design allows the researcher to use different methods and approaches to study and observe the subjects in their natural settings, hence collecting accurate and relevant information within the prevailing context or situation (Marshall and Rossman, 2011). Moreover, a qualitative design allows the researcher to generate relevant insights and meaningful experiences of the participants or subjects in their daily living routines. Another advantage of the qualitative design is that it allows room for collection of complete accounts and explanations for the behavior of participants or outcomes from participa tion in given nursing programs, treatment or interventions. Therefore, qualitative research is the most effective approach for gathering experiences, perceptions and attitudes of mothers concerning the use and effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period. The researcher will design and use semi-structured interviews to attain the purpose of the proposed study. The use of semi-structured interviews will allow the researcher to explore the questioning and probing approach, thus gathering more subjective information and feelings surrounding the proposed research question (Bernard and Bernard, 2012). Moreover, semi-structured interviews that are self-administered enable the researcher to collect non-verbal cues that complement the verbal information gathered from the research subjects or participants (Galletta, 2013). Using the semi-structured interview method will give the researcher flexibility to uncover descriptive data, clarify information, identify relationships and linkages between the responses from the participants and the existing theoretical background and foundations (Galletta, 2013). Collection of experiences, descriptions, feelings and emotions will enable the researcher to adequately address the research question and unders tand the perception of the postnatal mothers regarding the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control and reducing stress urinary incontinence. The setting of the study will be mothers attending treatment at a government and public hospital in Australia. The study population will be postnatal mothers attending the hospital who are admitted for urinary blood incontinence during the postnatal period. The inclusion criteria will comprise mothers admitted to the hospital with stress urinary incontinence following a normal vaginal delivery. Only mothers who are available and willing to participate in the treatment will be included in the study. The researcher will adopt purposive sampling to achieve the purpose of the study. Sampling techniques allows the research to identify and select actual subjects from the target population to take part in the research, including participation in the interventions and collecting of information concerning their experience or perceptions regarding the subject under investigation (Privitera, 2013). Since the researcher cannot conduct a survey, due to the amount of time required and the extensive data collected through qualitative research, sampling allows selection of a representative group whose experiences are then generalized and applied to the entire population (Privitera, 2013). For the purpose of this study, the researcher will use purposive sampling technique, which allows the researcher to define the objective of the researcher and identify people whose experiences, feelings and data collected allows for the attainment of the purpose of the study. Through the purposive sampling technique, the researcher already has understanding of the type of information and feedback that is being sought and the type of people that can provide the desired information (Tongco, 2007). The researcher then goes out to identify the people, question them and collect the information. Due to the flexibility, and ease of use the purposive sampling method is effective for collecting qualitative data from participants. Therefore, the researcher will use the purposive sampling technique to identify subjects or participants to attain the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control in mothers during the postnatal period from their own exp eriences and subjective feelings. The sample size is very critical in attaining the purpose of a research. A small sample size is manageable, especially when conducting qualitative study. This is because it allows the researcher to collect adequate and manageable data to allow for easier processing, analysis and presentation. Nevertheless, a small sample size is disputable when it fails to collect adequate information resulting into conclusions that can be generalized to the entire population. A researcher needs to be very careful while determining and selecting the sample size to avoid introducing selection and representative bias in the study. A sample size of 30 mothers will be deemed adequate, relevant and manageable for attaining the purpose of the proposed study. Data Collection Secondary data will be collected through a review of previous data from books, journals and other relevant publications. The literature review will guide the development of context, background and understanding of the theoretical background governing the proposed study. Moreover, literature review will be critical in understanding the existing body of knowledge concerning the subject under investigation, delineating the proposed study from previous studies, setting the scope, determining existing gaps and limitations of previous studies and providing recommendations for future investigations. Primary data will be critical in attaining the purpose of the proposed study. Since this is a qualitative study, it will be important to collect primary data on the feelings and experiences of the mothers admitted with stress urinary incontinence and their perception of the bladder control exercises in preventing and treating the problem. Face-to-face interviews will be important in collecting primary data as this will ensure completeness of the semi-structured interviews and provide an opportunity for the researcher to probe, clarify information and conduct necessary checks to ensure accuracy and correctness of the information collected. Each participant will be interviewed alone in her own nursing room to allow for privacy and confidentiality since urinary stress incontinence is a very embarrassing problem for postnatal mothers. With the permission of the mothers, the researcher shall record the interviews and replay them to allow for summary, clarification and approval of the part icipants regarding its accuracy. After the interview process, the researcher will engage in transcription of the recorded interviews. The transcriptions will be given to an independent reviewer to check for accuracy and consistency. Three level coding approached proposed by Morse (1994) framework will be used to perform analysis of the collected data. The first step will involve identifying unique codes to represent specific information or meaning for every category. The second step will involve developing groups for the coded data to establish similar meanings, subthemes and categories from the collected information. The final step will involve establishing broad categories, trends and common themes emerging from the data and drawing relevant insights, interpretations and conclusions from the data. Two independent reviewers will go through the codes and compare it with the actual data collected from the participants to ensure accuracy, correctness and appropriateness of the coding process (Graneheim and Lundman, 20 04). Rigor, Reliability and validity The concept of rigor is very important while conducting qualitative investigations. In qualitative studies, rigor entails discovering or determining the trustworthiness of the research findings to address the research problem or question. Unlike quantitative studies that rely on the empirical test of reliability and validity, it is very difficult to establish rigor in qualitative investigations. Nevertheless, the researcher can establish rigor using a set of techniques and methods including determining the credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability of the research findings. The researcher will ensure credibility of the data and information collected by tape recording the data, conducting members check and verifying the data with the participants. Transferability will be assessed by sharing the data and information with independent reviewers for constructive criticisms. Dependability will be assessed will be assessed by providing the information to a professional nurse implementing the kegel exercises program to determine correctness of coding and analysis process. Finally, confirmability will be assessed through using the actual words that the participants used to describe their experience and perceptions of kegel exercises in improving bladder control in postnatal mothers. Ethical considerations will be critical to the attainment of the proposed study. the researcher will seek permission and approval from the university ethics committee before commencing the study. Moreover, the researcher will seek permission and approval from the hospital Management and nurses prior to the commencement of the study. Finally, the researcher will provide informed consent to the participating mothers to inform them of the purpose of the study, and their right to terminate their involvement when they deem necessary. The researcher will ensure privacy of the participants by not sharing their personal experiences and using codes instead of their names. Sampling is likely to introduce selection bias in the study. This is particularly challenging when the researcher fails to select an appropriate and representative population. The choice of the qualitative research design is likely to limit the study because it is not possible to collect and analyze quantitative data and conduct reliability and validity tests. The small sample size may affect the quality, and accuracy of the research findings, which will influence the process of drawing insights and conclusions and ultimately limit the generalization of the findings to the entire population. Conclusion The proposed research will investigate the experiences and perceptions of mothers concerning the effectiveness of kegel exercises in improving bladder control during the postnatal period. this study is important because there are few qualitative studies exploring the subject. Moreover, many mothers are unaware of the possible effectiveness of kegel exercises in controlling urinary stress incontinence, which continues to affect many mothers after they have given birth. References Barlow, F.H., 1978. Physiotherapy in obstetrics and gynaecology.British medical journal,2(6150), p.1497. Bernard, H.R. and Bernard, H.R., 2012.Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Sage B, K., Hagen, R.H., Kvarstein, B., Jrgensen, J., Larsen, S. and Burgio, K.L., 1990. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: III. Effects of two different degrees of pelvic floor muscle exercises.Neurourology and Urodynamics,9(5), pp.489-502 Boyle, R., Hay-Smith, E.J., Cody, J.D. and Mrkved, S., 2012. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,10, p.CD Burgio, K.L., Robinson, J.C. and Engel, B.T., 1986. The role of biofeedback in Kegel exercise training for stress urinary incontinence.American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology,154(1), pp.58-64. Chiarelli, P. and Cockburn, J., 2002. Promoting urinary continence in women after delivery: randomised controlled trial.Bmj,324(7348), p.1241. Corbin, J. M., Strauss, A. (1990). Grounded theory research: Procedures, canons, and evaluative criteria. Qualitative sociology, 13(1): 3-21. Dnmez, S. and Kavlak, O., 2015. Effects of prenatal perineal massage and Kegel exercises on the integrity of postnatal perine.Health,7(04), p.495-505 Ege, E., Ak?n, B., Altuntu?, K., Benli, S. and Arioez, A., 2008. Prevalence of urinary incontinence in the 12-month postpartum period and related risk factors in Turkey.Urologia internationalis,80(4), pp.355-361 Farrell, S.A., Allen, V.M. and Baskett, T.F., 2001. Parturition and urinary incontinence in primiparas.Obstetrics Gynecology,97(3), pp.350-356 Galletta, A., 2013.Mastering the semi-structured interview and beyond: From research design to analysis and publication. NYU Press Gorbea, C.V., Velzquez, S.M.P. and Kunhardt, R.J., 2004. Effect of pelvic floor exercise during pregnancy and puerperium on prevention of urinary stress incontinence.Ginecologia y obstetricia de Mexico,72, pp.628-636. Graneheim, U.H. and Lundman, B., 2004. Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness.Nurse education today,24(2), pp.105-112. Hammer, R.L., Perkins, J. and Parr, R., 2000. Exercise during the childbearing year.The Journal of perinatal education,9(1), pp.1-13. Hay-Smith, J., Mrkved, S., Fairbrother, K.A. and Herbison, G.P., 2008. Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and faecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,4, p.CD. Hvidman, L., Foldspang, A., Mommsen, S. and Nielsen, J.B., 2003. Postpartum urinary incontinence.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,82(6), pp.556-563 Lauwers, J. and Swisher, A., 2015.Counseling the nursing mother. Jones Bartlett Publishers Littleton-Gibbs, L.Y. and Engebretson, J., 2012.Maternity nursing care. Cengage Learning Macdonald, S., 2011.Mayes' Midwifery: a textbook for midwives. Elsevier Health Sciences. Mrkved, S. and B, K., 1999. Prevalence of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and postpartum.International Urogynecology Journal,10(6), pp.394-398. Morse, J.M., 1994. Emerging from the data: the cognitive process of analysis in qualitative enquiry. IN: Morse, JM.Critical Issues in Qualitative Research Methods Park, S.H. and Kang, C.B., 2014. Effect of Kegel Exercises on the Management of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.Advances in Nursing,2014, pp. 1-10 Privitera, G.J., 2013.Research methods for the behavioral sciences. Sage Publications Ricci, S.S. and Kyle, T., 2009.Maternity and pediatric nursing. Lippincott Williams Wilkins Sangsawang, B. and Sangsawang, N., 2013. Stress urinary incontinence in pregnant women: a review of prevalence, pathophysiology, and treatment.International urogynecology journal,24(6), pp.901-912. Thom, D.H. and Rortveit, G., 2010. Prevalence of postpartum urinary incontinence: a systematic review.Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica,89(12), pp.1511-1522. Tongco, M.D.C., 2007. Purposive sampling as a tool for informant selection.Ethnobotany Research and applications,5, pp.147-158 Viktrup, L., 2002. The risk of lower urinary tract symptoms five years after the first delivery.Neurourology and urodynamics,21(1), pp.2-29 Wagg, A., 2010.Women's Experiences, Beliefs and Knowledge of Urinary Symptoms in the Postpartum Period and the Perceptions of Health Professionals(Doctoral dissertation) Wilson, P.D., Herbison, R.M. and Herbison, G.P., 1996. Obstetric practice and the prevalence of urinary incontinence three months after delivery.BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics Gynaecology,103(2), pp.154-161.

The Early Purges Analysis Essay Example For Students

The Early Purges Analysis Essay The poem The Early Purges by Seamus Heaney is about animals which are put to death because they were needless in the human life. The title tells us that something was cleared out young in its life. The word purges means getting rid of and early means that the animals were young. The writer tells us in the poem of how he saw the kittens drowned and how he thought it cruel, but he then grows up and tells us that it may seem cruel, but that was what life was like on the farm. He shows that he was young by starting of with I was six when I first saw kittens drown. We will write a custom essay on The Early Purges Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now This would be very shocking to someone as young. In the second sentence he says the scraggy wee shits. There is some harsh language used here and also, it shows that Dan Taggart could be Irish and so was Seamus Heaney. It says pitched them, and this tells us that Dan Taggart was none too gentle with the kittens and that he had seen it happening to the animals, too many times to feel sorry for them. Then it says a frail, metal sound and this shows a weak and fragile sound and it shows how helpless the kittens were. This stanza introduces Dan Taggart and shows of how life was on the farm. From the line soft paws scraping like mad, it shows how helpless they were as they were panicking and desperate to escape. The next sentence says but their tiny din was soon soused. Soon soused means stopped and after this sentence we realise that the cats have drowned in the bucket. Also in the same sentence the writer says slung on the snout. This is more alliteration. Dan Taggart in the next verse says Sure isnt it better for them now. From this it tells us that he thinks he did the right thing as he thought that the cats were pests running around on the farm, wasting food and time. The cats had no purpose so what was the point of them living so he killed them. The next two sentences like wet gloves, they bobbed and shone till he sluiced them out on the dung hill, glossy and dead. This shows that the writer had a very detailed memory of the scene and still remembered it all the way from his childhood. Also, from the way the verse ends with a full stop, it shows that the verse ended with finality and it was quite dramatic. The fifth paragraph says that Seamus was really shocked by what had happened and what he had seen and it uses verbs like trapped and snared. And from the fourth verse he describes the cats as turn mealy and crisp as old summer dung. This shows that he had a great memory recall and that the image stuck in his brain. The sixth verse is quite harsh and now he wasnt shocked of the purging because he says Still, living displaces false sentiments, and now, when shrill pups are prodded down to drown, I just shrug, bloody pups, it makes sense. This clearly shows that he has changed hi opinion of what he had seen in his childhood. He now understands why the animals were killed on the farms and now doesnt care if he kills them himself. From the sentence above again shows that he knows why they are killed. The last verse shows the proper meaning of the poem. This stanza tells us that he sees animals give birth and die. Dead or dying animals are natural. If they dont have a purpose in life on the farm then they have no purpose ling. In towns, the deliberate death of animals isnt common or natural, so if they find it hard they must realise that everyone dies then decomposes. From the poem cat, the background is of a man that impersonates a cat and describes how he sneaks out of the house to his greenhouse. .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .postImageUrl , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:hover , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:visited , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:active { border:0!important; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:active , .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609 .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ff1cd09ac093bfba3f9dc251efdf609:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gerald Croft EssayThe poem The Early Purges is about how farm life may seem cruel but is purposeful. The early Purges, I think, is better because it is a fact and is based on events on farms. Even though Cat gives a positive mood, it is quits imaginative. The early purges has a bit more negative mood but we soon understand that its the only way. For Cat, the words are simple but it makes the reader understand, but for early purges, it is very descriptive and also it is in an Irish accent for e. g. the words scraggy wee shits and soused and sure isnt it better for them now. For Cat the words are still of a positive mood but for early purges, there are harsh words such as shot dead, scraggy wee shits, bloody pups and sudden tug. However, this brings reality into the verse. Cat has no rhyme or rhythm but early purges has got a regular rhythm like each verse has got 3 lines and each line have 11 syllables. In Cat, there are more interesting techniques for example there is more repetition like for the azaleas , 3 times, onomatopoeia for hush and touch and alliteration for flattening my fur. In The early Purges, the writer uses some rhyme and rhythm to show how on well rune farms, pests have to be kept down and the writer keeps the poem flowing like a story till the end and as an event through his life. Both the poems are quite imaginative as they have a lot of description that might enable us to picture what is going on in our heads. For Cat, there are lots of examples like the whole poem shows how a cat would sneak about, and as cats are common, we can get a clear picture of what is happening. It says in the poem that the writer is sometimes an unseen marmalade cat, and this gives us a picture of a special and unique colour cat. In early purges, they use a simile, like wet gloves and this gives us a picture of something that is waterlogged and these things make the poems realistic or let us imagine what is actually happening. The stanza of Cat is written into no visible form of verses or anything because the poem is actually 1 continuous journey about a cat on the way to the greenhouse. The viewpoint of Cat is of a writer called Alan Brownjohn, who describes himself by using personification to show how he sneaks of to the greenhouse and goes to sniff the flowers. This poem is a gentle and flowing poem and is quite positive. The early Purges is by the writer Seamus Heaney. He uses the poem to tell us that animals grown on the farm would have to be killed to save time and energy as well as money. The kittens were like pests and they had no purpose on the farm so they had to be killed. This poem is quite harsh but thats just the way life is.

Abigail Adams Biography Essays - Adams Family, John Adams

Abigail Adams Biography Essays - Adams Family, John Adams Abigail Adams - Biography Abigail Adams was a unique woman because she had an education and an interest in politics. She learned how to read and write and enjoyed poems most. She was also very resourceful by helping her husband on difficult problems. Abigail was born on November 11 on the Julian calendar, or November 22 on the modern Gregorian calendar. Abigail had two sisters named Mary and Elizabeth or Betsy. She had one brother named William or Billy. Abigails name was originally Abigail Smith. Each baby was baptized on the first Sabbath of its life and was recorded in their parish records. Abigail live in a comfortable house. When Abigail was sixteen, her father added a wing that was bigger than the original building to make room for the children, servants, and visitors. When I say servants it means that they were probably slaves but were called servants to avoid the dehumanizing effect that the word slave can mean. Their house was a sight of luxury in the eyes of the common folk in the parish. Though they lived well, the Smiths had no fortune. Abigails father often worked with his own hands, planting corn and potatoes, gathering hay, sowing barley, or making sure that his sheep received proper care. Abigail, with the help of her family grew a very religious bond between each other and a long lasting friendship. Abigail never went to a real school because of poor health. So, she learned at home. Her fathers library was not big, but she still went to it to read books. Abigails favorite books were novels by Samuel Richardson. Abigails father knew John Adams by working with him and she grew rather close to him starting a wedding. This now made her name Abigail Adams. Their wedding was held on October 25, 1764, a month before her twentieth birthday. John was a lawyer and very often was not at home due to court cases he had to attend to. When Abigail was pregnant with her first son, John was only at home for eight out of the nine months. The baby was born on a hot day on the morning of July 14, 1765. The babys name was Abigail, but was called Nabby. She was with her parents when she had the baby. Shortly after, she was again pregnant. July 11, 1767, she delivered a healthy boy named John Quincy. John Adams soon moved his family to Boston to be closer to his important clients and the center of pol itical action. In Boston, Abigail had two more children. One named Susanna, who died thirteen months later, and Charles who was born healthy at the end of May 1770. John Adams sent everyone in his enlarged family back to their old house because of the recent Boston Massacre happening. While Abigail was there, She had her last son named Thomas. John soon bought a brick house back in Boston and moved everyone back in. Abigail started teaching the children to read and write. John told Abigail almost everything that he knew and went to her for political problems. He understood what she could understand and trusted her. Abigail became the most informed woman on public affairs in the nation. On August 10, 1774, Abigail parted with John as he left to attend the Congress called at Philadelphia to try and unite the colonies against Great Britains plan to punish Boston and Massachusetts. Though her sons would not be of military age for another decade, Abigail dreaded war, in which only God knew what would happen. When the shots at Lexington and Concorde were fired, John was again off to the Congress and cautioned Abigail that she should fly to the woods with the children if the British attacked Boston. Abigail prayed for the war and on June 17 John Quincy and Abigail went to Bunker Hill and watched the roar of the cannons and saw the flames of burning Charleston atop of Penns Hill near where they lived. Soon they learned of the British losses and how greater th ey were, but Abigail knew someone named Dr. Warren who died. He helped John Quincy from the loss of his finger. Abigail wrote many letters to

The Cenozoic Era Continues Today

The Cenozoic Era Continues Today Following the Precambrian Time, Paleozoic Era, and Mesozoic Era on the geologic time scale is the Cenozoic Era, which began 65 million years ago and continues to the present. After the Cretaceous-Tertiary, or,  K-T, Extinction at the end of the Cretaceous Period of the Mesozoic Era, which eliminated 80 percent of all  species  of  animals, the Earth found itself needing to rebuild. Now that all dinosaurs besides birds were extinct, mammals had the opportunity to flourish. Without competition for resources from dinosaurs, mammals had the opportunity to grow. The Cenozoic was the first era that saw humans evolve. Much of what is commonly thought of as evolution has happened in the Cenozoic Era. The Cenozoic Era Begins The first period of the Cenozoic Era called the Tertiary Period has been divided into the Paleogene and Neogene periods. Most of the Paleogene Period saw birds and small mammals become more diverse and grow greatly in numbers. Primates started to live in trees, and some mammals adapted to live part-time in the water. Marine animals didnt have such luck during this period when massive global changes resulted in many deep-sea animals going extinct. The climate had cooled significantly from tropical and humid during the Mesozoic Era, which changed the types of plants that did well on land. Lush, tropical plants were replaced by deciduous plants, including the first grass. The Neogene Period saw continuing cooling trends. The climate resembled what it is today and would be considered seasonal. Toward the end of the period, however, the Earth was plunged into an ice age. Sea levels fell, and the continents came to roughly the positions they hold today. Many ancient forests were replaced with expansive grasslands as the climate continued to dry out, leading to the rise of grazing animals such as horses, antelope, and bison. Mammals and birds continued to diversify and dominate. The Neogene Period is also considered the start of human evolution. During this time the first human-like ancestors, the hominids, appeared in Africa and moved into Europe and Asia. Humans Start to Dominate The final period in the Cenozoic Era, the current period, is the Quaternary Period. It began in an ice age where glaciers advanced and retreated over parts of the Earth that are now considered temperate climates, such as North America, Europe, Australia, and the southern part of South America. The Quaternary Period is marked by the rise of human dominance. Neanderthals came into existence and then went extinct. The modern human evolved and became the dominant species on Earth. Other mammals continued to diversify and branch off into various species. The same happened with marine species. There were a few extinctions over this period due to the changing climate, but plants adapted to the various climates that emerged after the glaciers retreated. Tropical areas never had glaciers, so lush, warm-weather plants thrived all during the Quaternary Period. Areas that became temperate had many grasses and deciduous plants, while slightly colder climates saw the re-emergence of conifers and small shrubs. No End in Sight for the Cenozoic Era The Quaternary Period and Cenozoic Era continue today and likely will remain until the next mass extinction event. Humans remain dominant, and new species are discovered daily. While in the early 21st-century climate is changing once again and some species are going extinct, no one knows when the Cenozoic Era will end.

Linguistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Linguistics - Essay Example Wodak (1989) explores this opinion to reveal that language gains power in the hands of those who are powerful. According to the author it would be right to say that someone in power can even be represented by a specific language and fights about discrimination or status basically symbolize the fight for power. This study mainly purposes to explore some of the things that happen on the basis of linguistics which include politeness, gender-indexing, honorification, youth language and bilingualism more specifically amongst the Japanese community. Japan which happens to be one of the most industrialized nations on earth was ranked 105th out of 136 countries in terms of gender equality (The Bogen Project 2013). Under normal circumstances, most of us would think that a nation with the third largest economy as well as geographical power as Japan would have a positive gender index when it comes to equality. Surprisingly this is not the case amongst the Japanese. Statistics reveal that  "According to the Gender Gap Index, Japan has slid from 94th place in 2010 to 98th in 2011, to 101st in 2012† (The Bogen Project 2013). This indubitably depicts gender inequality with the affected gender being the feminine ender. Japanese women have been misrepresented both in the government as well as in the field of employment. Does this have anything to do with gendered language including politeness and honorification? Unlike most languages in the world, Japanese language has some language associated with men or boys and another section associated with women or girls.

BABSMD Medicine Program Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BABSMD Medicine Program - Personal Statement Example And I will be cheating myself, if I prefer to choose some simpler programs, thus depriving myself from taking up the challenge. Finally, another good reason for me to opt for this program is my belief in my capabilities. It won't be an exaggeration if I say that I am talented enough to succeed in this profession. For example, my SAT's will help in proving my assertions. I received a 2210 on my SAT. On my SAT-II I received a 750 in Chemistry, 750 in Biology, 760 in Physics, 800 in Math II and 800 in foreign language. I have taken 5 AP exams and 3 other APs this school year. My GPA was 4.0, with a top 10% ranking in the most competitive school in New York City. I have been named a semifinalist for the National Merit Scholarship as well. I had a dream to be a doctor since I was very young. When I was about four years old, I often insisted on accompanying my mother to her ward-round during the weekends or holidays, who was an attending oncologist in one of the best cancer centers in China. I was curious about why there were so many cancer patients over there. I was told that many types of cancers could be prevented if we quit smoking cigarettes, drinking alcohol and stop eating unhealthy food, etc.

I lesson plan Essay Example for Free

I lesson plan Essay I. To develop experiential insights and interactive literacy among students. II. A. The students should find out and give insights of the 10 differences of the pictures. B. The students will able to formulate questions of their own. III. Pictures IV. Introduction Limit 20 min A. Q: Have you seen pictures of beautiful sceneries, houses, markets and busy streets? B. Students realize different situations shown by their opponent mate. C. Motivation Letting students appreciate ones ideas and more likely contributes his or her ideas to opponents. V. TEACHING STRATEGIES/ ACTIVITIES: (Time Limit: 35 min. ) A. Concept/Content: Comprehension, understanding and analyzing by comparing and contrasting. B. Skills to be develop: Interacting, speaking, listening, and do his or her own critical thinking. C. List 10 questions to ask and describe the picture. D. Let the students form in pairs and give them pictures. Do not let them show first to their mate the picture yet? Then instruct them to sit back-to-back and then cover very well their handed picture. Students should plan 10 questions to ask about the picture he or she handed in. Let her or his mate opponent’s quest about the picture. E. Participants are ESOL and gifted child as well. F. Discussion, giving insights and analyzing the pictures. A student expresses his or her own views about the pictures handed. G. Describe your surroundings at home. What are the things your mother does and other members of the family do to make your home clean and beautiful? A. Students were able to show her or his own point of view and trust to himself or herself trust to answer, The students able to list down 19 questions ask and expresses their feeling, understanding and, contrasting students ideas and concepts. B. Students can describe his or her own surroundings at home. To evaluate at their own what is new, good and unlikely not good to their own home. Generally students formulate their own concepts and develop skills of communicating and comprehending through understanding about the things around. V. I should create good surroundings and evaluated students as to their own self. Develop initiated activities more comprehensive situation leading to more higher degree of thinking. IX. I was able to guide students clearly on how and what to do with the activities. The students meet the exact ideas they get and developed a skills through experiences. The students able to communicate each other the usual means of mingling to each other.

Essay --

CHILDREN WITH A DISABILITY Children with a disability are children first Around 320,000 Australian children 0-14 years have a disability Disabilities that affect children are intellectual, psychiatric, sensory/speech, acquired brain injury and physical. The prevalence of profound or severe disability in children is gradually increasing1 , particularly among children aged 5-14. The main area of increase is intellectually disabling conditions, most reported as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AHDH).2 Also reported is a dramatic increase in the rate of diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorders (atypical neurological functioning) over the past decade.3 The majority of children with a disability live with their families During much of the 20th Century, children with a disability were provided with ‘whole of life’ services, usually in large, segregated institutional settings. The process of ‘deinstitutionalisation’ that has occurred over recent decades is one of the leading policy and structural transformations in health and community services of the last century. Between 1981 and 1996, the number of people aged 0-14 accommodated in institutions almost halved.4 Children with disabilities belong with their families, not in institutions, but families often require extra financial assistance and services to care for a son or daughter with a disability. Without such support, the impact of disability can impose significant pressure on parents and siblings and can lead to family breakdown. Most children with a disability go to the local school In 2001, using a narrow definition of disability that excluded children with specific learning difficulties, State Education Departments identified 114,250 st... ...rge multi-service organisations, and are located in every State and Territory across Australia. NDS defines its purpose under two broad categories. Firstly, it works to increase the capacity of its members to operate efficiently and effectively through provision of information, networking opportunities, and corporate partnerships. Secondly, NDS exists to make the voices of people with disabilities and their service providers heard by governments at both state/territory and federal levels. By so doing, NDS influences public policy to deliver outcomes that are responsive to the needs of people with disabilities and their providers. NDS has a National Secretariat in Canberra and offices in every State and Territory. More information: Locked Bag 3002 DEAKIN WEST ACT 2600 Phone: 02 6283 3200 Fax: 02 6281 3488 Email: nds@nds.org.au Web: www.nds.org.au Essay -- CHILDREN WITH A DISABILITY Children with a disability are children first Around 320,000 Australian children 0-14 years have a disability Disabilities that affect children are intellectual, psychiatric, sensory/speech, acquired brain injury and physical. The prevalence of profound or severe disability in children is gradually increasing1 , particularly among children aged 5-14. The main area of increase is intellectually disabling conditions, most reported as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (AHDH).2 Also reported is a dramatic increase in the rate of diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorders (atypical neurological functioning) over the past decade.3 The majority of children with a disability live with their families During much of the 20th Century, children with a disability were provided with ‘whole of life’ services, usually in large, segregated institutional settings. The process of ‘deinstitutionalisation’ that has occurred over recent decades is one of the leading policy and structural transformations in health and community services of the last century. Between 1981 and 1996, the number of people aged 0-14 accommodated in institutions almost halved.4 Children with disabilities belong with their families, not in institutions, but families often require extra financial assistance and services to care for a son or daughter with a disability. Without such support, the impact of disability can impose significant pressure on parents and siblings and can lead to family breakdown. Most children with a disability go to the local school In 2001, using a narrow definition of disability that excluded children with specific learning difficulties, State Education Departments identified 114,250 st... ...rge multi-service organisations, and are located in every State and Territory across Australia. NDS defines its purpose under two broad categories. Firstly, it works to increase the capacity of its members to operate efficiently and effectively through provision of information, networking opportunities, and corporate partnerships. Secondly, NDS exists to make the voices of people with disabilities and their service providers heard by governments at both state/territory and federal levels. By so doing, NDS influences public policy to deliver outcomes that are responsive to the needs of people with disabilities and their providers. NDS has a National Secretariat in Canberra and offices in every State and Territory. More information: Locked Bag 3002 DEAKIN WEST ACT 2600 Phone: 02 6283 3200 Fax: 02 6281 3488 Email: nds@nds.org.au Web: www.nds.org.au

Kellogg’s® Special K® Target Market Report Essay

Introduction As we know breakfast is one of our daily meals, it is the first meal of the day. However come to this modern era we eat out the lifestyle to makeup our breakfast itself more enjoyable and healthily. Due to the sufficiency alimentation contain in the breakfast cereal, nowadays most of the people are concentrate on it as taking it for breakfast. In this report, I’m going to segment on breakfast cereal industry base on the combination of geographical, demographic, psychographic and behavioral variables. I would like also select one product from the industry itself and describe how the product is positioned. The product that I have been chosen is Kellogg’s – Special K, which is manufactured by The Kellogg Company itself. 1.0 Segmentation Theory Segmentation as known as a process of distinguish buyers which differ in several ways into groups regarding to their needs, characteristics or behaviour. Market segments exist within feckly market. As a marketer, they have to try to different segmentation variables, alone and in combination to find out the best and most meaningful way to identify and analyze the market structure so it is more easily for marketer to achieve in business market ( Kotler. P et al.2006, 218 ). A seller will create a separate marketing program for each buyer as classifying according to their personal preference. Market segmentation comes before the second step and third step, which is market targeting and market positioning in develop idea of targeting market. There are four main major variables to observe in order to analysis consumer market segments, which is:- ( i ) Geographic segmentation Geographic segmentation will be analysing the different geographical such as region, city size, population density and climate. Firms will decide to progress their market into region as one or a few geographic variables according to the geographical differences. ( ii ) Demographic segmentation Demographic segmentation consists of identifying which variables which include age, gender, family sizes, family life cycle, income, occupation,  education, religion and nationality. Demographic segmentation is the most popular element for segmentation analysis as consumer wants and demands are observe throughout the demographic segmentation ( Kotler. P et al.2006, 230 ). ( iii ) Psychographic segmentation Psychographic segmentation are divided into different groups based on socioeconomic, status, values, attitudes and lifestyle grouping and personality. Basically, psychographic segmentation is used to combine with others segmentation variables as to analysis consumer market segments. ( iv ) Behavioural segmentation Behavioural segmentation that enables buyers to group which are purchase occasion, benefits sought, user status, usage rate, loyalty status, readiness stage and attitude towards product. Behavioural variables also trusted as the best starting point to identify the market segments. As mentioned, segmentation is the element for attempt targeted market and effective marketing plans. Thus, a clear picture and a detailed analysis for the market segments enable a firm to decide the marketing strategic in particular segments. Furthermore, a firm can also benefit from the multidimensional approach to market segmentation and the affiliated benefits are included better matching of customer needs, enhanced profits for business, better opportunities for growth, retain more customers, target marketing communications and lastly, gain share of the market segment. Eventually, a firm definitely will benefit from the multidimensional segmentation as they adopted it. 2.0 Target Market Identification Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is a lightly toasted, lightly sweetened rice cereal, high in flavor sort of breakfast cereal. Basically, it contains 7 fundamental vitamins and minerals which are essential nutrients that be supposed to contains in our breakfast. 2.1 Geographical traits Target market for the product Kellogg’s ® Special K ® are basically stressing on the urban city zone. Busyness lifestyle that implement by the residents result in none alimentation breakfast taken as their very first meal of the day. Targeting on this particular issue, Kellogg’s ® Special K ® are especially made-up for the urban residents. As we known, breakfast cereal can be taken rapidly and Kellogg’s ® Special K ® absolutely satisfy the time lacking issue in pragmatic lifestyle. Furthermore, sufficiently vitamins and minerals contained in Kellogg’s ® Special K ® intent to replenish to the residents who lack of nutrients to go with daily activity. Currently, Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is not only purchasable in nationally but also internationally and it considered as an internationalization’s breakfast cereal. 2.2 Demographic traits Basically, Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is designed for women who want to take the first step at breakfast to help manage their shape, yet there’s no gender, age, life cycle, occupation, education, religion and nationality barrier. Kellogg’s ® Special K ® can be consume by everyone who is concern overall condition in health, and this product especially recommended to the senior citizens and the busyness urban residents as it helps on boosting their metabolism. Nevertheless, the Kellogg’s ® Special K ® product can only purchase by those who have higher income as it is sort of the luxury breakfast cereal and it definitely suitable for urban residents as most of them receive a high wages. 2.3 Psychographic traits Kellogg’s ® Special K ® consider as a luxury product as it cost $16.40 for each and it is much suitable to consume by buyers who have a higher wages. Urban residents are wealthily and Kellogg’s ® Special K ® fits them well as the consumption for their breakfast. Therefore, regarding to the study of VALS lifestyles, it involves study that measuring consumers’ main AIO dimensions, which is activities, interests and opinions. Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is the higher level status product and it is most probably consume by those who are the higher and medium class in socioeconomics,  which have luxury income and affordable for Kellogg’s ® Special K ®. Kellogg’s ® Special K ® consumers are human being who concern to live out an outstanding, healthy and enjoyable lifestyle. They consume Kellogg’s ® Special K ® as result in they attach importance to the essential vitamins and minerals, which are important as part of a ba lanced meal. 2.4 Behavioural traits People who consume Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is much concern to health if compare to the others. Fundamental and various kind of vitamins and minerals become the major element of the consumption of Kellogg’s ® Special K ®. In this compressive stressed century, people are too busy until there is insufficient time for them to take a breakfast. Yet, they need a product which sufficiency provided them the nutrients to start up their daily activity, and this is the purpose Kellogg’s ® Special K ® made for. Most of the consumers reckon that Kellogg’s ® Special K ® gives the essentials of a breakfast and they trust in taking Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is way better instead of eating the breakfast which prepared by themselves. Indirectly, it forms a bound between the consumers and product, which is loyalty to the product. They trust, purchase and consume on Kellogg’s ® Special K ® as Kellogg’s ® Special K ® can lead them to an ideal lifestyle. 3.0 Visually Representing the Target Market Kellogg’s ® Special K ® Geographical traits As we can notice from the packaging of Kellogg’s ® Special K ®, every single word on that particular packaging has been returned in English language printed on it as English is the common language in Australia. Besides that, English also cognizance as the international language in this century. Eventually it shows that the target market for the product Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is differentiated into a lot of geographic variables all over the worldwide. Demographic traits As mentioned, Kellogg’s ® Special K ® is sufficiency alimentation contained and it’s an excellent source of 7 vitamins and minerals. Thus, the target market for the product Kellogg’s ® Special K ® itself is people who require abundance daily nutrients regardless to gender, age, life cycle, occupation, education, religion and nationality barrier. Kellogg’s ® Special K ® contains just 17% sugar, meaning that one 30g serving contains just 5g per bowl, around 1 teaspoon – this is much lower than that contained in other breakfast foods and half that contained in toast with jam (Special K Original. 2009)! It is also 99% of fat free and especially recommended to the women, who keen to kick start to healthy weight management. A great deal in protein will also give them a boost to their metabolism. A malty taste plays a important role to allure their appetite as consuming an enjoyable breakfast. A perfect health weight management Psychographic traits Nowadays, woman and ladies intend to manage their body shape and live out a healthier lifestyle. As we can see from the packaging, a 99% of fat free definitely will attract the consumption by woman, as it is a simple and convenient weight management program. The K letter itself shows in artistic form to inspire the picture of a prefect body shape to the consumer. Besides that, a well looking packaging of Kellogg’s ® Special K ® designed to deserve the purchase cost. It is also shows the ‘snob effect’ as consume it because it is one of the luxury breakfast cereal. All of these have been shown in the pictures of the part of psychographic traits. Behavioural traits Most of the consumers have the some thought towards Kellogg’s ® Special K ® product, which is lead them to a healthier and better standard of health’s condition. The image of cereal which contains 7 fundamental vitamins and minerals will provide sufficient nutrients to the consumers to kick start their brand new day. It helps to form a healthy body by providing the essential nutritions as what written in the nutrition information panel. Reference list Kotler, P. Adam, S. Brown, L. and Armstrong, G. 2006. Pearson Education Australia. Principles of Marketing: Analyzing consumer market segments. Kotler, P. Adam, S. Brown, L. and Armstrong, G. 2006. Pearson Education Australia. Principles of Marketing: Market targeting. Market segmentation – Why segment markets? http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/segmentation_why.asp (Accessed September 1, 2009) Special K Original http://www.kelloggs.co.uk/whatson/specialk/forum/nutrition/our-products/special- k-original/9230/view-topic.aspx (Accessed September 1, 2009)

World History Chapter

You didn't have to depend on anything, for example if you were a farmer you had to depend on your crops for survival because if the plants died, you could starve to death- Didn't require much time like farming would- You could easily move around town or country. As for farming you would have to stay in your farm because all of your crop were already planted and it would take much more time to replant. 0 Why was the Neolithic Revolution considered so highly significant? How did the Neolithic Revolution effect gender roles? The Neolithic Revolution was considered so highly significant because at this time people started farming since new technology was being invented, it made things easier.Population grew immensely due to the change of life style from hunting and gathering to farming. The Neolithic Revolution effected gender roles because before anyone started farming the men was the one who would go out and hunt while the woman cooked and gathered the food. But once farming started bo th gender were able to do the same Job. Compare and contrast homo sapiens and homo erects in regards to surviving. Both Homo erects and Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to various parts of Europe and Asia. It made it easier to migrate around because of low sea levels associated with the Ice Age. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa during a wet period and crossed the land bridge to the Americas during the last glacial period.These migrations were lead by minor physical evolutionary changes such as changes in skin pigmentation. However, humans adapted to their new environments not through biological evolution but through a process of technological adaptation. Compare the slave systems of Mesopotamia empires and Egypt. In Mesopotamia Empires many of role than they would in the later societies of Greece and Rome. They were identified by a distinctive hair style rather than chains or brands, they would have a barber shave off the telltale mark if they were lucky enough to regain their fre edom. On the other hand, Slavery in Egypt existed on a limited scale and was of little economic significance.But humane treatment softened the burden of slavery, as did the possibility of being freed. Slavery was not very common or bad in Egypt as it was in he Mesopotamia empires List the indicators of a â€Å"civilization†. 0(1) cities as administrative centers, 0(2) a political system based on defined territory rather than kinship, 0(3) many people engaged in specialized, non-food-producing activities, 0(4) status distinctions based largely on accumulation of wealth, 0(5) monumental building, 0(6) a system for keeping permanent records, 0(7) long-distance trade, and (8) sophisticated interest in science and art. 0 How did the religious beliefs in Mesopotamia and in Egypt reflect the relationships between the environment and the people?

ATLAM Essays

ATLAM Essays ATLAM Essay ATLAM Essay Will improve safety for the organization Will improve reporting system Project will boost companys public image and reputation Time delays Hacker threats STRENGTHS 1 . Management Support The management of ATLAS provide full support to implement SAP to achieve their vision as to be a leader in maritime education and training, while its mission was to facilitate value added learning via a conducive environment and provide excellent services to its clients. The use of SAP system seems would benefit the whole group of company with its integration features in SAP system. . Financial Support The Group company are willing to provide funding for SAP implementation in ATLAS. Only small portion of the expenses in capital expenditure (RMI 1, 188,841) would be borne by ATLAS internal fund and the remaining would be financed by PETER group. 3. Strong Leadership of ATLAS ATLAS have strong composition of leaders. Dedicated managers and executives such as Skilful, Lime, Kamala, Sans Copal. All of t hem have their own expertise, skills and invaluable experience which their contribution to ATLAS could build and enhance the organization reputation. WEAKNESSES 1. Project is very complex The complexities of large projects require that special attention be given in planning the project, developing and delivering the solution, selecting team members, and sustaining a high-performing team over the long haul. Complex project may requires time, energy and resources to be allocated from the organization. 2. High implementation cost ATLAS management believed that implementing SAP is involved unique risk and challenges. Main challenges are the high implementation cost especially for the initial investment that would need financial resources to flow out of the organization. 3. Staff Resistance Rapid changes in organization, working culture and environment would cause the existing staff resist for the change since they are now in their comfort zone. 4. Technological constraints The department doesnt have enough PCs to implement the system of SAP and some of the staff has never used a PC before OPPORTUNITIES 1. Project may improve local economy With the implementation of SAP, AT LAM could have growth in its industry. When ATLAS become a leading maritime industry, lot of people would come attending courses in AT LAM and indirectly the crowded incoming course artificial at ATLAS would improve the local area economy and business trading. 2. Will improve safety for the organization and crucial data Most successful organizations know to do certain things to ensure an engaged ant productive workforce, but many are inconsistent and are not purposeful in their efforts to create this type of atmosphere. ATLAS introduces SAP systems can help company achieve improved safety for its organization and crucial data. . Will improve reporting system SAP will provide ATLAS prevarication, the focus is moving no longer towards reporting on expenses but more of reporting on profit and loss. This will improve reporting system at ATLAS and be able to better integrate AT LAM operational data, and access that data quicker, and thats good for decision making. 4. Project will boost companys public image and reputation Usin g an established well-known accounting system would enhance the efficiency and effectiveness in the organization reporting. Comprehensive AR accuracy of organization reporting would boost its public image and reputation. THREATS. 1. Time delays AT LAM have only two month which started 1 April 2002 to Start a new system that could be a problem to the company. Complexity of the project plus with the organization weaknesses might causes time delay and extension of time in implementation of SAP system. 2. Hacker threats People, not computers, create computer threats. Computer predators victimize others for their own gain. Give a predator access to the Internet and to your PC and the threat they pose to your security increases exponentially. Computer hackers are unauthorized users who break into computer systems in order to steal, change or destroy information, often by installing dangerous mallard without your knowledge or consent. Their clever tactics and detailed chemical knowledge help them access information you really dont want them to have. Since ATLAS staff have poor knowledge in IT and computer expertise, their crucial data might be compromised by unauthorized access for information stealing or sabotage. FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS ATLAS is considering implementing SAP for their new system. In order to determine whether is it feasible for ATLAS to proceed with the SAP implementation project, We have study on economic feasibility of the proposed plan. Then only we could make decision whether to proceed or not to proceed with the project. Economic feasibility is to study on the cost factor f propose plan. In ATLAS, the purpose to assessing economic feasibility is to identify financial benefits and cost that associated with the implementing SAP.

The Colombia-Peru War of 1932

The Colombia-Peru War of 1932 The Colombia-Peru War of 1932: For several months in 1932-1933, Peru and Colombia went to war over disputed territory deep in the Amazon basin. Also known as â€Å"the Leticia Dispute,† the war was fought with men, river gunboats and airplanes in the steamy jungles on the banks of the Amazon River. The war began with an unruly raid and ended with a stalemate and a peace deal brokered by the League of Nations. The Jungle Opens Up: In the years just before World War One, the various republics of South America began expanding inland, exploring jungles that had previously only been home to ageless tribes or unexplored by man. Not surprisingly, it was soon determined that the different nations of South America all had different claims, many of which overlapped. One of the most contentious areas was the region around the Amazon, Napo, Putumayo and Araporis Rivers, where overlapping claims by Ecuador, Peru and Colombia seemed to predict an eventual conflict. The Salomà ³n-Lozano Treaty: As early as 1911, Colombian and Peruvian forces had skirmished over prime lands along the Amazon River. After over a decade of fighting, the two nations signed the Salomà ³n-Lozano Treaty on March 24, 1922. Both countries came out winners: Colombia gained the valuable river port of Leticia, located where the Javary River meets the Amazon. In return, Colombia relinquished its claim to a stretch of land south of the Putumayo River. This land was also claimed by Ecuador, which at the time was very weak militarily. The Peruvians felt confident that they could push Ecuador off of the disputed territory. Many Peruvians were unhappy with the treaty, however, as they felt Leticia was rightly theirs. The Leticia Dispute: On September 1, 1932 two hundred armed Peruvians attacked and captured Leticia. Of these men, only 35 were actual soldiers: the rest were civilians mostly armed with hunting rifles. The shocked Colombians did not put up a fight, and the 18 Colombian national policemen were told to leave. The expedition was supported from the Peruvian river port of Iquitos. It’s unclear whether or not the Peruvian government ordered the action: Peruvian leaders initially disavowed the attack, but later went to war without hesitation. War in the Amazon: After this initial attack, both nations scrambled to get their troops into place. Although Colombia and Peru had comparable military strength at the time, they both had the same problem: the area in dispute was extremely remote and getting any sort of troops, ships or airplanes there would be a problem. Sending troops from Lima to the contested zone took over two weeks and involved trains, trucks, mules, canoes and riverboats. From Bogota, troops would have to travel 620 miles across grasslands, over mountains and through dense jungles. Colombia did have the advantage of being much closer to Leticia by sea: Colombian ships could steam to Brazil and head up the Amazon from there. Both nations had amphibious airplanes that could bring in soldiers and arms a little at a time. The Fight for Tarapac: Peru acted first, sending troops from Lima. These men captured the Colombian port town of Tarapac in late 1932. Meanwhile, Colombia was preparing a large expedition. The Colombians had bought two warships in France: the Mosquera and Cà ³rdoba. These sailed for the Amazon, where they met up with a small Colombian fleet including the river gunship Barranquilla. There were also transports with 800 soldiers on board. The fleet sailed up the river and arrived at the war zone in February of 1933. There they met up with a handful of Colombian float planes, rigged out for war. They attacked the town of Tarapac on February 14-15. Hugely outgunned, the 100 or so Peruvian soldiers there quickly surrendered. The Attack on Gà ¼eppi: The Colombians next decided to take the town of Gà ¼eppi. Again, a handful of Peruvian airplanes based out of Iquitos tried to stop them, but the bombs they dropped missed. The Colombian river gunboats were able to get into position and bombard the town on the might of March 25, 1933, and the amphibious aircraft dropped some bombs on the town as well. The Colombian soldiers went ashore and took the town: the Peruvians retreated. Gà ¼eppi was the most intense battle of the war so far: 10 Peruvians were killed, two more were injured and 24 were captured: the Colombians lost five men killed and nine wounded. Politics Intervenes: On April 30, 1933, Peruvian President Luà ­s Snchez Cerro was assassinated. His replacement, General Oscar Benavides, was less keen to continue the war with Colombia. He was, in fact, personal friends with Alfonso Là ³pez, President-elect of Colombia. Meanwhile, the League of Nations had gotten involved and was working hard to work out a peace agreement. Just as the forces in the Amazon were getting ready for a large battle - which would have pitted the 800 or so Colombian regulars moving along the river against the 650 or so Peruvians dug in at Puerto Arturo - the League brokered a cease-fire agreement. On May 24, the cease-fire went into effect, ending the hostilities in the region. Aftermath of the Leticia Incident: Peru found itself with the slightly weaker hand at the bargaining table: they had signed the 1922 treaty giving Leticia to Colombia, and although they now matched Colombias strength in the area in terms of men and river gunboats, the Colombians had better air support. Peru backed off its claim to Leticia. A League of Nations presence was stationed in the town for a while, and they transferred ownership back to Colombia officially on June 19, 1934. Today, Leticia still belongs to Colombia: it is a sleepy little jungle town and an important port on the Amazon River. The Peruvian and Brazilian borders are not far away. The Colombia-Peru war marked some important firsts. It was the first time that the League of Nations, a precursor to the United Nations, got actively involved in brokering a peace between two nations in conflict. The League had never before taken control over any territory, which it did while details of a peace agreement were worked out. Also, this was the first conflict in South America in which air support played a vital role. Colombias amphibious air force was instrumental in its successful attempt to reclaim its lost territory. The Colombia-Peru War and the Leticia incident are not terribly important historically. Relations between the two countries normalized pretty quickly after the conflict. In Colombia, it had the effect of making the liberals and conservatives put aside their political differences for a little while and unite in the face of a common enemy, but it didnt last. Neither nation celebrates any dates associated with it: its safe to say that most Colombians and Peruvians have forgotten that it ever happened. Sources: Santos Molano, Enrique. Colombia dà ­a a dà ­a: una cronologà ­a de 15,000 aà ±os. Bogot: Editorial Planeta Colombiana S.A., 2009. Scheina, Robert L. Latin Americas Wars: the Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001. Washington D.C.: Brassey, Inc., 2003.

Choose one of the questions Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Choose one of the questions - Personal Statement Example The action reaction phenomenon in physics is also particularly true for decisions on  reasonable  action.  It is an expectation by people that each and every  activity  they partake in is beneficial to them.  The fact that a lot of people are  willingly  participating in this class exercise, therefore, directly correlates to the fact that they must be obtaining mutual  benefit  from this action. This may be in terms of  material  benefit,  benefit  in  knowledge  or even in terms of  emotional  benefit. This factor, combined with the fact that we are  selfless  in nature, provides an excellent  ground  that is strong enough to  inspire  benefit  expectations from participation in the class exercise (Skinner 71). It proved that one only stands to benefit from participation or anything else they  partake  if they are to  perceive  them so. The agreement to  give  the  class  a chance with no  promise  of benefiting in itself shows the  optimism  in the exercise.  Any person that is willing to  see  the  best  of a situation will  keep  an open mind, and  survey  all the prospects so that they are  sure  to  find  positive benefits of their choices.  Attending this  class  with the  notion  that I will  benefit  one way or the other gives me an  edge  over others on benefiting. My mind would be  set  on finding maximum possible benefits from the exercise, and as a result, would be  keen  to  locate  them. This  way  of having an open mind would ensure I  benefit  maximally from what the  exercise  has to offer (Skinner 79). Again, it would ensure that I  am not disappointed  by over expecting or exp ecting benefits from the exercise. It is true that the things that other people do  have  effect  on what others do, and vice versa. This is a  natural  trait in humans and  mostly  bases on the fact that we are all  selfless  and  jealous  beings  inside  (Skinner

One Organized Crime Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One Organized Crime Questions - Essay Example In 1917, D’Aquila efficiently managed to suck up the Comorra gangs. In 1918, Comorra had assassinated the leader (Benson & French, 2008). Morello. Later, after many atrocious activities of these criminal gangs, Carlo Gambino became boss, owing to the death of Anastasia, a former leader in the early 1950s (Benson & French, 2008). Gambino then secretly conspired against another leader, Genovese, who was detained, and handed a 15-year imprisonment. At this time, the Gambino family emerged as a significant gang family within New York. Currently, the gang is highly controlled, with three key members as the heads. These include Anthony Gurino, Giovanni Gambino, and Joseph Juliano (Benson & French, 2008). Danny Leo serves as the interim boss. The street boss and the underboss are Liborio and Venero respectively. The gang estimated number of members rises slightly above 200, with various associates across the US and regionally (Benson & French, 2008). The gang still exists, albeit the apprehension and sentencing of numerous

Spiritual Needs Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Spiritual Needs Questions - Essay Example With the information collected from the investigation, policies and guidelines should also be formulated to help in the implementation of care that is sensitive to these needs. From the above findings, it is clear that there are major spiritual beliefs and inclinations that patients hold that affect the health management of the patients in hospital settings. The above assessment indicates that the reasons that are given by the patients may not make medical sense but remain patients’ rights in the holistic management of the patients. The assessment tool included the religious affiliation to identify the varied nature of religious beliefs that are held owing to differences in the beliefs of Muslims, Christians, Indians and other religions. Equally, different denominations within the same religions also have different beliefs like Protestants and Catholics in Christians. The other questions in the assessment tool were aimed at assessing the knowledge and attitude of the patients to their own beliefs. From the above assessment, the patient appeared to have a good grip of the requirements that her belief system require. The attitude of the patients is that she has a predisposition and liking for these beliefs. In turn, these cause the patients attitude to be negative towards many health practices. The tool also included a question that was aimed at assessing the attitude of the health practitioner towards the spiritual dispositions of the patients. Evidently, most health practitioners are not concerned with the spiritual beliefs of the patients and how they affect their recovery. It is evident that there were no questions allowing the validation of the information given by the patient. The reason is that the tool of assessment did not have a prelude of the religion and the denomination of the patient. As such, all the information obtained is given on the assumption of truth telling on the part of the patient and that the patient adequately knows the

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society

Gay and Lesbian Acceptance in Society There are obvious outgrowing numbers of gays and lesbians communities in our country and all over the world. People become increasingly engaged into homosexual affiliations. Many variables influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. These variables are changes in biological processes, relationships and community interactions. The level of acceptance between gays and lesbians has changed over the years. The researchers would like to determine the level of acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. This study was conducted with the purpose of analyzing the factors that lead to the acceptance of society between gays and lesbians. This study identified the variables and factors influencing and may affect the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Statement of the Problem The study aimed to determine the factors that lead to the acceptance of the society between gays and lesbians. Specifically, it sought to determine the following: What is the demographic profile of the respondents in terms of: age? sex? civil status? religion? educational attainment? What are the attitudes and behaviours of gays and lesbians which contributes to the level of acceptance of the society? What are the factors that influence the emergence of being homosexual individual? What are the challenges faced by lesbians and gays on the acceptance of the society? How the respondents are reacting to communities of gays and lesbians? Significance of the Study The study has significance to gays and lesbians, as they will be aware of the level of acceptance of the society to them and the factors that contribute to the willingness of the society towards them. To the parents, that they will be aware of the condition of their children, as the findings were presented to them, they will be encouraged to improve their views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. To the society, that they will be aware of the happenings to the homosexual based on their opinions, beliefs, and views, as they give it in relation to their acceptance and may find ways to improve the level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. Scope, Delimitations Limitations of the Study The respondents of this study include 25 lesbians, 25 gays, 25 parents of either lesbian or gay, and 25 individuals who have gay/ lesbian friends. They will be asked regarding attitudes and behaviours of homosexuals which contribute to their level of acceptance in the society. They will be given chances to give their opinions, views and beliefs regarding homosexuality. Definition of Terms The terms included in the research paper will be defined to facilitate understanding of the study. Lesbian. Homosexual woman; the condition in which a woman is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another woman. Gay. Homosexual man; the condition in which man is sexually attracted to, or engages in sexual behaviour with another man. Homosexuality. The condition of being sexually attracted, covertly, or overtly, by members of ones own sex. Society. Organized and interdependent community. Morality. Degree of conformity to moral principles. Acceptance. Willingness to accept. CHAPTER 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies This chapter includes discussion on related literature and studies both foreign and local, which provides relevant facts about the societys level of acceptance between gays and lesbians. It also aims to determine the level of acceptance from past to present. Foreign Studies On the study conducted by the researchers at the Kaiser Family Foundation entitled Inside- out : A report on the Experiences of Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals in America and the Publics Views on Issues and Advices Related to Sexual Orientation. The are two national public opinion surveys: one, to gather information on the experiences of seslf-identified lesbians, gays and bisexuals: and the second to gauge the general publics attitudes towards this group and their views on key policy issues related to sexual orientation. They did it to determine where the public really stands. Researchers found out that large majority of self-identified lesbians, gays, and bisexuals believe that there is more acceptance today compared to a few years ago. One third from their respondents say that their family or a family member has refused to accept them. According to the research, lesbians are more likely to report not having been accepted by their families. It was found out that majority of the general public reports knowing someone who is gay, lesbian or bisexual believes that there is more acceptance of lesbians and gays today compared to a few years ago. Most say that greater acceptance is either good for the country or does not matter one way or the other. The majority also believes that homosexual behavior is a normal part of some peoples sexuality. Individuals age 65 and older those with a high school education or less and those who do not have lesbian and gay co-workers, friends or family members are least likely to have accepting attitudes towards lesbians, gays, and bisexuals. Religious affiliation also has significant effect on attitudes and level of acceptance. Overall, the public is increasing accepting gays and lesbians in the society. On the study conducted by Elizabeth Mehren entitled Homosexuals finding more Acceptance. Poll says states that gays and lesbians have experienced a dramatic rise in acceptance over the last two decades, according to a new Los Angeles Times Poll-2004. In ltwo Los Angeles Times polls in the mid- 1980s and other data from the same era, the level of sympathy toward gays and lesbians was half what it is today. Researchers found out that gay people in general are feeling more comfortable in society and society is feeling more comfortable with gay people. The study revealed that 62 percent say their community accepts gays and lesbians. Based on the survey conducted by the members of the Public Agenda Organization entitled Ambivalence and Mixed Messages, acceptance of gays and lesbians has risen significantly, and currently about half of Americans say homosexuality should be an acceptable lifestyle. Survey questions about whether American society should accept homosexuality often draw different responses depending on the examples mentioned which is an indication of public ambivalence. Questions that raise the issue of fair treatment typically draw much higher levels of public support. For instance, substantial majorities of Americans say they support equal protection for homosexuals against hate crimes and equal rights in terms of housing and jobs. surveys show that slight majorities say a gay person could be a good role model and as good a parent as anyone, yet they are divided on whether they would allow a homosexual to baby-sit their child and half say they oppose allowing gay couples to adopt. The survey conducted by the faculty staff of The University of Arizona entitled Equitys 1992 Campus Climate Report was aimed to investigate the climate for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals on campus. Majority of their sample comprised of heterosexuals. They allow their respondents to rate in the scale of 1-10 on every question. As a result, majority placed 8 to 10 range on the level of acceptance with the women expressing high level of acceptance than men. Respondents employment status had no significant impact on the acceptance scale, with no major differences surfacing among faculty, staff, and graduate students. They also asked if their religion influences their views on homosexuality; seventeen percent of the respondents marked yes. But not only religion appeared to influence people toward negative views. A series of items asked respondents to characterize the level of respect shown for gays, lesbians, and bisexuals by others in their department, specifically their immediate superv isor, co-workers, department head, and students. All in all, the responses to questions about respect levels in departments reveal that the immediate environment for gay, lesbian, and bisexual members of the University is not a particularly good one, but that department heads and supervisors show generally higher levels of respect than co-workers and students. Justin J. Jagosh, in his thesis entitled Moving toward understanding and acceptance: Parents experiences after finding out their children are gay, lesbian, and bisexual aimed to explore how the parents will accept their childs sexuality. Through qualitative inquiry, 12 Canadian parents (7 mothers and 5 fathers) were interviewed to develop an in-depth analysis of their thoughts, feelings, and actions in relation to having gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. He found out that parents went through a process of understanding and acceptance, in which they made sense of past experiences they had with their children, reacted emotionally to finding out, changed their perspectives on issues, and shared their experiences with others. There are still hindering factors but with the strategies suggested in which researchers, educators, health professionals, media personnel, parent support groups, and parents themselves can use like some mentioned above, it will not be difficult for parents to un derstand and accept their gay, lesbian, and bisexual children. Foreign studies On the book overview of Lesbian, Gay and bisexual identities and youth by Anthony R. OAngelli, Charlotte Patterson explore the psychological dimentions of lesbian, gay and bisexual identities from puberty to adulthood. There are changes in biological processes, relationship and community interactions influence the emergence of sexuality in all young people. The article, Chasing the Rainbow; Is a Gay Population an Engine of Urban Revival? Cities are beginning to think so by Richard Florida sees that openness to the gay community is a good indication of the low entry barriers to human capital that are so important to spurring creativity and generating high-tech growth. The homosexuality represents the last last frontier of diversity in our society, and thus a place that welcomes the gay community welcomes all kinds of people. Also an article in New Zealand by the LGBT organization on that country which is entitled A Civil Union Ceremony in Wellington last December 20006 states that New Zealand society is generally fairly relaxed in acceptance of gays and lesbians. The gay-friendly is epitomized by the fact that there are several Member if Parliament who belong to the LGBT community, gay rights are protected by the New Zealand Human Rights Act. And New Zealand is relatively small population. The LGBT community is small, but still visible, with Pride festivals and LGBT events held around the country throughout the year. Local Literature J. Neil C. Garcia in his book Philippine Gay Culture: The Last Thirty Years, Binabae to Bakla, Silahis to MSM tackles the perception of Filipinos to gays and lesbians from the last thirty years. The anxiety of Western civilization toward its many different genders- not just masculine and feminine-finds its fecund expression in the varieties of camp (butch/femme) and transvestisms (macho, queer, transvestophilic, transgenderist, etc.) which, over the last century, have come to be institutionalized as legitimate self-expressions within the gay and lesbian cultures of the United States, Europe and Australia, This anxiety is deeply rooted in the Judeo-Christian metaphysical tradition which, until recently, was a rather inexorable force in the Western subjects life. On the other hand, this study has argued that the Philippines has its own dualist tradition in respect of sexual identity, and although it would seem that the effeminate bakla and the mannish tomboy attest to the fluidity of g ender concepts and roles in our culture, at the level of desire they merely reinforce the babae and the lalake, whose pale reflections they are. Rafael cannot be farther from the truth when he ascribes to kabaklaan the parodic and self-reflexive character which it doesnt (yet) possess. As things stand, the dominant conception of the bakla identity strictly confines the bakla to an agonistic effeminacy (a poor copy of femininity). In fact, the masculine bakla is simply unthinkable. He therefore must be a closet case, or a double-dealing fraud (silahis). Suffice it to say, then, that at the core of the social construction of the bakla is coreness itself. As a recent ethnography reiterates, the bakla is a man with a womans heart who, like a real woman, deeply desires a real man to be happy. The silence of local psychological institutions in the early sixties about homosexuality and homosexual counseling seems strange, given that globally, the problems of adolescent homosexuals never fail to make it in the agenda of any conference on juvenile mental health (for only obvious reasons). By the rest of the 1960s, as well as the early seventies, however, this situation had palpably changed, and homosexuality was made to belong under the aegis of psychological science, as may be proven by the existence of positivist works on it which were written around this time. (A partial listing of the sundry academic studies on homosexuality in the Philippines is included in the last section of this book). The consequence of this is the renewed and intensified medical psychopathologization of the bakla as inversions homosexual: a man whose psychological being does not coincide with his anatomic sex. Only this time, his sexuality has become the central defining feature of his by now psycho sexually inverted identity. He concluded that the bakla is the only kind of (male) homosexual Philippine culture has, relatively speaking, known; and therefore also the only (male) homosexual Philippine culture has discriminated against and/or dismissed as sick, deviant and sinful-as bakla, precisely. Any local text proclaiming itself gay or homosexual cannot help but relate itself to and to situate itself within kabaklaan, hence. CHAPTER 3 Methods and Procedure Research Methodology The researcher used descriptive method in the study. Descriptive method of research is a fact finding study with sufficient and accurate interpretation of the findings. It describes what is. It describes with emphasis what actually exist such as current condition, situation practices, or any phenomena. Since the study is concerned in the Analysis on the acceptance of the society between gays/lesbians. Subjects of the Study The researchers chose 100 respondents divided into four categories. These composed of 25 gays, 25 lesbians,25 parents of gays or lesbians and 25 individuals who have gays or lesbians friends. The Sampling Technique The researchers used simple random sampling and the size of the population is 200 and the study of population is people who have known a friend or any related of gay and lesbians also the respondents and the parents. Sample: 25 respondents 25 gays 25 lesbians 25 parents Those 25 to sum up of 100 is from the population of 200 and was chosen by simple random sampling. Procedure of Data Gathering The researchers used in the method of collecting data is normative survey, researchers used this for its very effective and looking for the commonalities of the said subject. This would be the best and most appropriate method to use in data gathering. Statistical Treatment of Data The role of the statistical treatment of data in research. The researchers is considering much in the age and gender also their state of consciousness and the rationality and also the emotion are being needed through the research.